Remember, a fluid, like water, has no fixed shape and easily gives way to external pressure. More simply, it is a matter that flows like a gas or liquid. Since the atmosphere is a fluid, we can show ...

A number of hypotheses have been used to explain how free oxygen first accumulated in Earth’s atmosphere some 2.4 billion years ago, but a full understanding has proven elusive. Now a new model offers ...

Numerical models of Earth’s climate system, based on the laws of physics, are essential tools for predicting changes in weather and climate in our warming world. However, persistent uncertainties in ...

For a long time, researchers have used atmosphere-only models to study the intensity changes in tropical cyclones. But the atmosphere-only models leave some questions unanswered. A research team has ...

CHAMPAIGN, Ill. — Atmospheric measurements made at Earth’s geographic poles provide a convenient way of validating and calibrating global circulation models. Such measurements also might provide some ...

During a La Niña, a counterpart to the El Niño weather pattern, drier than normal conditions are to be expected. But 2023, a La Niña year, turned out to be California’s 10th-wettest year on record.