Xijia Zhang is affiliated with the University of Alberta. Kimberly Noels works for the University of Alberta. She receives funding from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada.

Language learning anxiety, or the stress that accompanies language learning in the classroom, is well-established in the literature (Sparks and Ganschow, 2007; Woodrow, 2006; Truitt, 1995), along with ...

Effective learning isn't just about finding the easiest path—it's about the right kind of challenge. Two prominent theories—Desirable Difficulties (DDF) and Cognitive Load Theory (CLT)—offer valuable ...

Social learning theory is really a combination of two other kinds of learning theories. On the one hand, there is the cognitive learning theory, which states that the learning of an individual is ...

Behaviorism was born from research done by Ivan Pavlov in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Pavlov’s research into animal digestion led to the recognition that the animals that were being ...